At what gestational age does the separation of hindgut and genitourinary tract begin in the embryo?
The anterior cloaca receives what ducts?
At the same time the urorectal septum is descending, what external development occurs at the level of the perineum?
What happens if the urorectal septum cannot descend all the way down to meet the cloacal membrane by the 6th week of development?
By what gestational age does male and female differentiation grossly become evident?
Patency of the anal canal is usually established by what age?
In what percent of females with cloacal abnormalities is satisfactory continence obtained after imperforate anus repair?
What nerve roots supply the anal sphincter?
Which of the 3 layers of the external anal sphincter is closest to the skin surface?
Which layer of the sphincter mechanism is simply a continuation of the rectal wall?
Which is NOT one of the 3 levels of muscle in the sphincter complex?
Is the external sphincter voluntary or involuntary? What type of muscle is composed of?
What is the external sphincter attached to?
True or false: the external sphincter muscles also contain sensory receptors?
Intrinsic to the anal wall below the pectinate line is a thickening of the ____ smooth muscle called the internal sphincter?
True or false: sensory receptors are present in the internal sphincter?
What does the levator ani do?
What parts of the levator ani complex are most responsible for holding the rectum in place?
Which type of fibers are inhibitors of the bowel wall and motor function of internal sphincter?
Which type of fibers are the sensory nerves stimulated by rectal distention?
Where do the parasympathetic fibers to the rectum and anal canal arise from?
Postoperatively after repair of imperforate anus, when are dilations begun and stopped?
After a diverting colostomy for imperforate anus, what studies should be obtained prior to definitive repair?
T or F: If a sacral segment is missing, the corresponding nerve root is likely to be absent also.
T or F: The pubococcygeus and puborectalis have distention and peristalsis sensory fibers?
Under normal circumstances, the anal canal is closed by the resting tone of what?
When strong peristaltic waves signals the need to void, how is the anal canal opened?
Who is more likely to require a colostomy: males with imperforate anus or females?
What contributes the most to keeping the anal area from being moist?
What is the expected function of the bladder and levator ani in someone with a deficiency or absence of S4-5?
T or F: Encopresis is the most common form of acquired fecal incontinence?
What are the typical barium enema findings in a patient with chronic constipation?
Invertograms are not generally helpful; particularly so for males or females?
What treatment option is best for incontinence related to neural deficiencies, e.g. myelomeningocele?
What anatomic abnormality in patients with chronic constipation may predispose to soiling and leakage?
Which type of rectal prolapse has radial folds, and which type has circular folds?
Which condition does NOT predispose to rectal prolapse?
T or F: the most common type of rectal prolapse is idiopathic and resolves spontaneously within 1 to 2 years?
What physical finding distinguishes prolapse from intussusception?
What is the most common cause of rectal bleeding in the newborn?
What is most common cause of perianal abscess?
What is the incidence of fistula-in-ano after perirectal abscess?
What is the typical path of a fistula-in-ano?
Generally speaking, high imperforate anus anomalies occur around what week of gestation?
What is the incidence of imperforate anus and anorectal malformations?
What is the incidence of fistula in males and females with high or intermediate imperforate anus?
What is the incidence of associated genitourinary abnormalities in patients with low imperforate anus?
The old Wingspread classification relates anal defects to what structure?
What percentage of males with low imperforate anus will have a membranous covering?
T or F: when no anal opening can be seen in the male, a high or intermediate lesion is usually present?
What are some of the physical findings in a male which suggest high imperforate anus?
A line drawn (on the lateral view of a pelvic radiograph) from the mid pubis to the coccyx is the ___ line?
What does the 'I - point' indicate?
What study is NOT obtained routinely in a newborn with imperforate anus?
Which is NOT one of the more common variants of imperforate anus seen in female infants?
True or false: a female rectovestibular fistula is by definition an intermediate defect?
In a female infant with imperforate anus, what is usually present when only two openings are seen in the perineum?
In a female infant with imperforate anus, what is usually responsible when only one opening is seen in the perineum?