Which is smaller in the infant's larynx: the glottis or subglottis?
What might it imply if greater than 20 ml of fluid is present in the stomach of the newborn healthy baby?
High-pitched inspiratory stridor usually indicates what?
Biphasic stridor (high-pitched on inspiration, coupled with low pitched, prolonged expiratory phase) indicates what?
What does a pure expiratory wheeze indicate?
Which of the following is NOT a typical presentation for abnormalities of the glottis or cords?
Newborns are obligate nasal or mouse breathers?
True or false: definitive treatment of choanal atresia usually requires resection of the bone, and passage of tubes to be used as stents while the choani epithelialize around the tube?
Which is NOT one of the common anatomic abnormalities in Pierre Robin syndrome?
True or false: in children with Pierre Robin syndrome, the infant's mandible grows relatively faster than the infant, allowing the mouth to accommodate the tongue without causing obstruction by the age of 18 months?
Congenital subglottic stenosis is rare or common?
Which of the following is the least likely to require operation: congenital subglottic stenosis, or acquired subglottic stenosis?
Which is an important cause of acquired subglottic stenosis?
T or F: the treatment of acquired subglottic stenosis is (if severe), an initial tracheostomy, followed by later anterior cricoid split?
Where are most laryngeal webs located?
True or false: complete atresia of the larynx is incompatible with life in the absence of a large TEF which can sustain ventilation?
What is the infectious cause of croup?
What is the typical age at presentation for croup?
Where is the inflammation in croup?
True or false: the white blood count is usually elevated with a relative lymphocytosis in patients with croup?
Is steroid therapy part of the treatment of croup?
BLANK is one of the most common congenital anomalies of the infant larynx, and inspiratory stridor is seen when the infant is agitated and the neck extended?
Which is NOT one of the laryngoscopic findings in laryngeomalacia?
T or F: the cause of tracheomalacia is felt to be external compression on the tracheal cartilages during development (vascular ring, TEF)?
In tracheomalacia, symptoms are caused by collapse of the trachea during WHAT?
What are the bronchoscopic findings in tracheomalacia?
What is the treatment of mild tracheomalacia?
Congenital paralysis of one or both vocal cords accounts for approximately what percent of all congenital laryngeal anomalies?
Acquired unilateral paralysis of the vocal cord occurs with moderate frequency after what cardiac procedure?
Where is the inflammation seen in epiglottitis (in addition to the epiglottis), and what is the cause?
What is the typical age at presentation for epiglottitis?
Laryngeal hemangiomas are located in what region?
What percent of children with hemangioma have cutaneous lesions?
How do laryngeal hemangiomas present?
If the hemangioma is not visualized on direct laryngoscopy, what can be done?
Subglottic hemangiomas usually involute by what age?
What percentage of children with laryngeal papillomatosis have a mother with condlyoma accuminatum?
T or F: laryngeal tracheal clefts may be difficult to visualize with the bronchoscope; bronchoscopy from the esophageal side with an endotracheal tube in place is a helpful maneuver?
What is a dilatation of the saccule of the laryngeal ventricle, sometimes due to a sudden increase in pressure in the larynx known as?
In small infants, where is the most common site of post intubation stenosis?
What is the incidence of post intubation subglottic stenosis in infants on ventilators?
True or false: premature and newborn infants tolerate long-term intubation better than older children?
Which is NOT a standard treatment for subglottic stenosis?
What is the most common vascular malformation?
What is the most common symptomatic vascular malformation?
The cause of a double aortic arch is failure of resorption of WHAT?
Incomplete but constricting vascular rings are caused by a left descending aorta and WHAT?
Another incomplete vascular ring is caused by a persistent right aortic arch with a right descending aorta and WHAT?
In this abnormality, there is compression of the trachea, stridor, but no esophageal compression and a normal barium swallow. The diagnosis is made by bronchoscopy. What is this?
What is the least common and most severe vascular ring anomaly?
Is the infants larynx higher or lower than that of an adult?