When is the diaphragm formed?

1.   ?    2 – 4th weeks
2.   ?    4 – 8th weeks
3.   ?    8 – 12th weeks

Where does the central tendon of the diaphragm originate from?

1.   ?    Transverse septum
2.   ?    Pleuroperitoneal membranes
3.   ?    Aortic and esophageal crus

Where do the peripheral muscular portions of the diaphragm come from?

1.   ?    Transverse septum
2.   ?    Pleuroperitoneal membranes
3.   ?    Aortic and esophageal crus

Which side closes first: the right or left diaphragm?

1.   ?    Right
2.   ?    Left
3.   ?    Simultaneously

Where does the muscular layer of the diaphragm come from?

1.   ?    Transverse septum
2.   ?    Pleuroperitoneal membranes
3.   ?    Aortic and esophageal crus

What percent of pregnant rats exposed to nitrofen develop diaphragmatic hernia?

1.   ?    95%
2.   ?    75%
3.   ?    50%
4.   ?    25%

What is the incidence of diaphragmatic hernia?

1.   ?    1 in 1,000 live births
2.   ?    1 in 4,000 live births
3.   ?    1 in 10,000 live births
4.   ?    1 in 15,000 live births

How many percent of patients with a diaphragmatic hernia will have a hernia sac present?

1.   ?    5%
2.   ?    10 – 20%
3.   ?    40 – 50%
4.   ?    75%

Histologic examination of lungs in diaphragmatic hernia reveals that development only occurs up to the gestational age of what?

1.   ?    4 – 6 weeks
2.   ?    8 – 10 weeks
3.   ?    14 – 16 weeks
4.   ?    20 – 24 weeks

What abnormality is NOT identified in the pulmonary vasculature of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

1.   ?    Hypoplastic vessels
2.   ?    Muscular arteriolar hypertrophy
3.   ?    Pulmonary HTN
4.   ?    Left to right shunting

Which is NOT a pulmonary vasodilator?

1.   ?    PG E 1
2.   ?    PG E 2
3.   ?    PG F
4.   ?    Prostacyclin

Which is NOT a pulmonary vasoconstrictor?

1.   ?    PG E 2
2.   ?    Thromboxane A 2 and B 2
3.   ?    PG F
4.   ?    Leuokotrienes

What do alkalosis and hypocarbia do to the pulmonary arteries?

1.   ?    Vasoconstrictors
2.   ?    Vasodilators

T or F: If the liver, stomach, or both are found in the chest on prenatal US, postnatal mortality is quite high?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

What percent of infants with diaphragmatic hernia have an associated anomaly?

1.   ?    15 – 25%
2.   ?    33%
3.   ?    50%
4.   ?    75%

What is the mortality rate for infants with diaphragmatic hernia who are symptomatic in the first few hours of life?

1.   ?    15 – 25%
2.   ?    33%
3.   ?    50%
4.   ?    75%

What percent of diaphragmatic hernias are Morgagni hernias?

1.   ?    Less than 5%
2.   ?    10%
3.   ?    15%
4.   ?    25%

Is a hernia sac usually present with Morgagni hernia?

1.   ?    Yes
2.   ?    No

What of these causes of diaphragmatic eventration is more likely to have a muscular defect?

1.   ?    Phrenic nerve paralysis
2.   ?    Congenital eventration
3.   ?    Equivalent

T or F: Most congenital diaphragm eventrations are on the right, in contrast to CDH?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

Which is more likely to be symptomatic; a newborn with a congenital or acquired diaphragmatic eventration?

1.   ?    Congenital
2.   ?    Acquired
3.   ?    Equivalent

T or F: The presence of the defect is an indication for operation in diaphragmatic eventration?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

T or F: even in asymptomatic paraesophageal hernia developing spontaneously in a child should be operatively repaired?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False