At what age in the fetus do the trachea and esophagus first appear as a ventral diverticulum of the foregut?
By what age have the trachea and esophagus completely separated?
At what stage does the esophagus have the circular muscle coat and the vagus nerves begin to appear?
True or false: during development, the esophagus is originally lined by ciliated epithelium. By week 20 it is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium?
What is the second most common variant of esophageal atresia?
What is the incidence of esophageal atresia?
What is the incidence of associated anomalies or congenital defects in fetuses with esophageal atresia?
What are the most common types of cardiac defects associated with esophageal atresia?
What percent of patients with esophageal atresia have VACTERL association?
What is the approximate incidence of gastrointestinal abnormalities in association with esophageal atresia?
What form of esophageal atresia is most likely to have polyhydramnios?
What vein is divided during repair of esophageal atresia?
What is the incidence of leak, stricture, and recurrent fistula after repair of esophageal atresia?
What is the recurrence rate for attempted repair of an already recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula?
What is the incidence of GE reflux in esophageal atresia?
Symptomatic tracheomalacia occurs in approximately what percent of infants with esophageal atresia?
True or false: the frequency and distribution of associated anomalies is just the same for infants with isolated esophageal atresia as for those with the more common variant?
The management of pure esophageal atresia consists of gastrostomy, sump drainage of the esophagus, and a delay of 3 - 6 weeks with or without stretching of the proximal pouch. A primary repair is attempted, and myotomies may be necessary. How long a gap would indicate primary repair is impossible?
In patients with pure esophageal atresia, the incidence of GE reflux approaches 100 percent - true or false?
True or false: in patients with esophageal atresia who develop a postoperative leak, essentially all leaks (with the exception of complete anastomotic disruption) can be managed with tube drainage, for enteral nutrition, and will close spontaneously in 1 Â 3 weeks?
The incidence of leak, stricture, and reflux is substantially (higher or lower) in pure esophageal atresia?
T or F: Isolated fistula of the esophagus presents usually is not diagnosed in the newborn period, but in the first few months of life?
How is an isolated H type (really N type) fistula approached?
How many types of laryngotracheoesophageal cleft are there?
The symptoms of laryngotracheoesophageal cleft are usually related to reflux - T or F?
How is the diagnosis of laryngeal tracheoesophageal cleft definitively made?
What is the treatment of type II incomplete laryngeotracheoesophageal clef?t
What is the management of a complete cleft?
What is the incidence of recurrence of laryngeal tracheoesophageal cleft?