True or false: metabolic rate is, in general, proportional to body surface area?

1.   ?    Yes
2.   ?    No

How many ml of water are necessary to metabolize one calorie?

1.   ?    0.1 ml H2O
2.   ?    1.0 ml H2O
3.   ?    10 ml H2O
4.   ?    100 ml H2O

Extracellular water at 20 weeks gestation is approximately BLANK

1.   ?    60 percent
2.   ?    50 percent
3.   ?    30 percent
4.   ?    20 percent

Inracellular water at 20 weeks gestation is approximately BLANK

1.   ?    65 percent
2.   ?    50 percent
3.   ?    35 percent
4.   ?    25 percent

Premature infants have a (higher / lower) total body water and extracellular fluid water content than term infants?

1.   ?    Lower
2.   ?    Higher
3.   ?    Equalivalent, corrected for weight

What is the average glomerular filtration rate of term newborns?

1.   ?    1/4th of adult value
2.   ?    1/2 of adult value
3.   ?    3/4th of adult value
4.   ?    Equal to adult value

What is the average glomerular filtration rate of term newborns?

1.   ?    1/4th of adult value
2.   ?    1/2 of adult value
3.   ?    3/4th of adult value
4.   ?    Equal to adult value

What is the maximal concentrating power of a term newborn kidney versus an adult kidney?

1.   ?    200 mOsm per kg
2.   ?    400 mOsm per kg
3.   ?    600 mOsm per kg
4.   ?    1200 mOsm per kg

What is the primary regulator of extracellular fluid osmolality?

1.   ?    Aldosterone
2.   ?    Mineralocorticoids
3.   ?    ADH
4.   ?    Angiotensin

Which statement is True?

1.   ?    Adults make relatively more ADH
2.   ?    Infants tubules are not as sensitive to ADH
3.   ?    There is no difference between adults and children viz ADH

How does the free water clearance of newborns compare to adults (max dilution of 70 to 100 mOsm per kilogram)?

1.   ?    Neonates can dilute to 5 to 10 mOsm per kg
2.   ?    Neonates can dilute to 10 to 20 mOsm per kg
3.   ?    Neonates can dilute to 30 to 50 mOsm per kg

True or false: water intake in both term and preterm infants is well in excess of the water excreation?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

True or false: when infants get excess sodium, they can excrete the extra salt easily?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

True or false: when too much sodium is administered, the renal tubules of the neonate cannot reject the excess sodium, and it is therefore reabsorbed easily, leading to hypernatremia?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

Between 12 weeks and 40 weeks of gestation, the total body sodium content falls, rises, or remains constant?

1.   ?    Na decreases
2.   ?    Na decreases
3.   ?    No Change

What is the fractional excretion of sodium for fetus versus preterm infant versus a term infant?

1.   ?    Premie 3%, Term 1%
2.   ?    Premie 10%, Term 3%
3.   ?    Premie 1%, Term 3%
4.   ?    Premie 3%, Term 3%

How long does it take for the typical premature infant to stop wasting salt?

1.   ?    About 1 week
2.   ?    About 2 weeks
3.   ?    About 2 months
4.   ?    from 4 - 6 months

The RDA for sodium in neonates is 2 mEq Na per kg per day; should this amount be decreased or increased for premature infants?

1.   ?    Decreased
2.   ?    Increased
3.   ?    Same

What are the two main sources of insensible water loss in the newborn?

1.   ?    Lungs (1/3) and Skin (2/3)
2.   ?    Renal (1/3) and Lung (2/3)
3.   ?    Skin (1/3) and Lung (2/3)
4.   ?    GI (1/3) and Lung (2/3)

In infants, what is the major component of insensible water loss?

1.   ?    Renal
2.   ?    Stool
3.   ?    Transepithelial
4.   ?    Respiratory

Which is NOT a main determinants of transepithelial water loss?

1.   ?    Respiratory rate
2.   ?    Conceptual age
3.   ?    Environmental conditions (humidity)

The majority of infant incubators have a relative humidity less than what percent?

1.   ?    Less than 20%
2.   ?    Less than 30%
3.   ?    Less than 50%
4.   ?    Less than 75%

The amount of Na administered during operative and perioperative periods is generally (greater / lessthan) normal?

1.   ?    Greater than normal
2.   ?    Less than normal

What factor does NOT predispose to hyperchloremic alkalosis after fluid resuscitation in the neonate?

1.   ?    Neonatal kidney absorbs chloride avidly
2.   ?    NS has 155 mEq KCL per liter
3.   ?    Neonatal tubules are very sensitive to ADH

What are the two most helpful guides to fluid management in the neonate?

1.   ?    Urine volume and urine concentration
2.   ?    Urine volume and PCWP
3.   ?    Urine volume and serum osmolarity

Which is not a normal value in the neonate?

1.   ?    Urine output of 2 ml per kg per hou
2.   ?    Serum osmolarity of 250 to 290 mOsm per kg
3.   ?    Urine specific gravity of 1.010 to 1.013
4.   ?    FENA of less than 5%

Which statment regarding urine specific gravity is NOT true?

1.   ?    Linear relation of spec grav and urine osms
2.   ?    urine spec grav less than 1.002 means hyposmolarity
3.   ?    urine spec grav more than 1.011 means hypersmolarity
4.   ?    high urine specific gravity indicates dehydration

What is the formula for FENA ?

1.   ?    (U Cr x P Na) / (P Cr x U Na)
2.   ?    (U Na x P Na) / (P Cr x U Cr)
3.   ?    (U Na x P Cr) / (P Na x U Cr)

T or F: Increased FENA implies a kidney problem ?

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

Overhydration or diabetes insipidus will result in the following profile: Increased osmolarity, increased BUN, decreased weight?

1.   ?    Overhydration
2.   ?    Diabetes insipidus

What is the approximate percentage total body water content in a term baby?

1.   ?    60%
2.   ?    70%
3.   ?    80%
4.   ?    90%