What is the initial treatment for most children with symptomatic portal hypertension?
Which is NOT one of the 3 levels of portal venous obstruction leading to portal hypertension.
All of the following are causes of intrahepatic venous block associated with portal hypertension in children except___?
Name the other major causes of extrahepatic portal hypertension in children.
True for false: Portal venous obstruction secondary to extrahepatic block is almost always caused by thrombosis of the main portal vein.
At what age is portal hypertension in children usually identified?
What is the most common initial clinical manifestation of portal venous thrombosis?
Describe the major route of collateral flow within the portal and systemic venous systems in children.
Differentiate between hepatopetal flow and hepatofugal flow.
What is the normal portal venous pressure?
True or false. Children with intrahepatic disease often have varices that extend into the upper gastric wall.
True or false. Exsanguinating hemorrhage is rarely seen even with repeated episodes of variceal bleeding in children.
After variceal bleeding, what is the second most common symptom in children with portal venous thrombosis; it is almost universal in these patients?
Why is ascites seen earlier in the clinical course of portal venous occlusion in infancy when compared to adults?
Which is TRUE reagarding cavernous transformation of the portal vein with hepatopetal collaterals that continue to allow perfusion of the liver by significant volume of portal blood?
Which is the most common cause of extrahepatic portal hypertension?
Which is NOT a cause of intrahepatic obstruction in children?
T or F: Suprahepatic obstruction is a rare cause of PHTN in children in USA?
How aggressive should operative intervention be for children with portal vein thrombosis?
Of the following, which is rarely used to manage ascites caused by portal venous obstruction in children - Repeated infusions of albumin or other colloid solutions, diuretics, or paracentesis?
Describe the role of vasopressin in bleeding varices in children.
Why does the liver tolerate a portosystemic shunt better in patients with portal venous thrombosis than those with cirrhosis?
True or false: once a child with portal venous thrombosis develops esophageal variceal bleeding, it is likely due persist and worsen?
What is the overall mortality in children with portal venous thrombosis due to bleeding varices?
When should shunt operations be considered in patients with PVT?
True or false. In young children, splenectomy alone for bleeding or hypersplenism associated with portal hypertension is frequently employed and effective in decreasing the risk for variceal hemorrhage.
Most children have PVT as a cause of PHTN. What shunt is most commonly used?
What vein must be patent in distal splenorenal shunt?
Why is it critical to evaluate the portal venous anatomy in patients with portal vein thrombosis is prior to performing a shunt procedure?
In what instances is splenectomy curative for gastric varices related to extrahepatic portal hypertension?
What conditions are considered essential to achieve a successful shunt in a child?
What is the shunt of choice for most children with portal vein thrombosis?
True or false: Ligation of the vena cava is well tolerated in children, and allows normal growth.
Which is FALSE regarding the technique of performing a distal splenorenal shunt?
What is the failure rate of conventional splenorenal shunts in children Under 10 years?
True or false. A significant long-term finding associated with shunted children is an increased incidence of emotional instability.
Describe the unshuntable child.
What are options after sclerotherapy in the unshuntable child.
True or false. Portal hypertension in children caused by intrahepatic venous obstruction in generally carries a much less favorable although the portal vein thrombosis.
Which is NOT a symptom of intrahepatic portal venous hypertension?
Which is NOT a cause of intrahepatic portal hypertension in children.
Which are the following is not significantly improved by portosystemic shunting?
True or false. Approximately 50 percent of children with variceal hemorrhages related to intrahepatic portal venous hypertension will die during the first episode of bleeding.
What shunt is most effective in relieving portal hypertension in children with intrahepatic portal venous hypertension?
What is the initial procedure of choice in the majority of children with variceal hemorrhages associated with intrahepatic portal hypertension?
True or false: Children with intrahepatic portal venous hypertension may have impaired hepatic function, but the hepatic cell itself is often in relatively good shape?
G.I. bleeding from varices in children with an intrahepatic block is (more/less) likely to be fatal in severe than for children vein and variceal bleeding in children who have underlying portal venous thrombosis?
True or false: children (particularly older children) with portal hypertension secondary to diffuse hepatic hemangioma may benefit significantly from portosystemic shunting?
True or false: a portosystemic decompression for glycogen storage disease may often help alleviate symptoms?
What technique provides the most definitive repair of intrahepatic portal venous hypertension in children under 5 yeears of age?
What syndrome is classically described as suprahepatic portal venous obstruction?
What is the etiology of Budd-Chiari syndrome?
True or false. Systemic anticoagulation, or fibrinolytic agents (streptokinase) have been proven to be successful at relieving the thrombosis in the hepatic veins associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Partially diverting portosystemic shunts have improved symptoms and extended survival and how many percent of patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome?
True or false. Liver allograft transplantation provides the most definitive opportunity for complete cure of all forms of portal hypertension in childhood, and should be considered prior to portosystemic shunting.