Which is NOT a cause of secondary head injury?

1.   ?    Hypercarbia
2.   ?    Shock
3.   ?    Hypoxemia
4.   ?    Hypocapnia

What does the infant's intracranial circulation do in response to stress?

1.   ?    Vasoconstriction
2.   ?    Vasodilation
3.   ?    Neither

n severe concussion, the temporary period of unconsciousness may persist for how many hours?

1.   ?    2 - 4 hours
2.   ?    6 hours
3.   ?    24 hours
4.   ?    48 hours

Even with mild axonal injury, cognitive defects may persist for up to?

1.   ?    One day
2.   ?    One week
3.   ?    One month
4.   ?    One year

T or F: Diffuse axonal injury involves myelin disruption and axonal tearing.

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

If brainstem function is preserved but unconsciousness or coma persists for more than HOW MANY hours, moderate diffuse axonal injury is presumed to be present?

1.   ?    8 hours
2.   ?    24 hours
3.   ?    48 hours
4.   ?    72 hours

How often is a focal CNS injury operated on?

1.   ?    20%
2.   ?    40%
3.   ?    60%
4.   ?    80%

Linear skull fractures in children are usually due to what?

1.   ?    Abuse
2.   ?    Fall
3.   ?    MVA

Which is more common in children: epidural or subdural hematoma?

1.   ?    Epidural
2.   ?    Subdural
3.   ?    Equivalent

What percentage of children with subdural hematomas have skull fractures?

1.   ?    10%
2.   ?    30%
3.   ?    60%
4.   ?    80%

Depressed skull fractures require elevation only if they are compressed more than how many cm?

1.   ?    0.5 cm depression
2.   ?    1.0 cm depression
3.   ?    2.0 cm depression
4.   ?    3.0 cm depression

Cortical contusion tends to occur in what age group?

1.   ?    Newborns
2.   ?    Infants
3.   ?    Older children

Epidurals in adults and older children are usually in the anterior temporal fossa, over the middle meningeal artery. However, in children less than five years old, the epidural may be where?

1.   ?    Occipital
2.   ?    High temperoparietal region
3.   ?    Frontal
4.   ?    Basilar skiull, near sella turcica

Which element of the GCS has a maximal score of 6?

1.   ?    Eye Movement
2.   ?    Verbal
3.   ?    Motor
4.   ?    Pupils

A blown pupil is usually secondary to a mass lesion on the ipsilateral side - why?

1.   ?    Compression of sympathetics
2.   ?    Stimulation of parasympathetic by pressure
3.   ?    Parasympathetic inhibition
4.   ?    Sympathetic stimulation

Where should the PaO2 and PaCO2 be kept in patients with a severe head injury?

1.   ?    PaCO2 of 25 - 30, PaO2 of more than 80
2.   ?    PaCO2 of 25 or less, PaO2 of more than 80
3.   ?    PaCO2 of 25 - 30, PaO2 of more than 92
4.   ?    PaCO2 of 25 or less, PaO2 of more than 92

Children with a Glasgow coma score less than or equal to what (or with abnormal motor posturing) should have an ICP monitor?

1.   ?    GCS less than 5
2.   ?    GCS less than 8
3.   ?    GCS less than 10
4.   ?    GCS less than 12

What is the mortality of a Glasgow Coma Score of 3 with flaccidity in a child?

1.   ?    40% mortality
2.   ?    60% mortality
3.   ?    80% mortality
4.   ?    90% mortality

T or F: If coma lasts for less than 3 weeks, long-term disability is unusual.

1.   ?    True
2.   ?    False

What is the incidence of the SCIOWRA in children?

1.   ?    Less than 5%
2.   ?    10 %
3.   ?    25 %
4.   ?    50 %

In very young children, virtually all of the cervical spine fractures occur between what and what?

1.   ?    C1 - C3
2.   ?    C2 - C5
3.   ?    C5 - C7